In this review whole-body exercise is defined as exercise that engages a large muscle mass such as cycling, running, rowing or swimming. Both Ohm’s law and the Fick principle can be applied systemically to the cardiovascular system as a whole and/or regionally to, for instance, the exercising limbs, heart or brain, which are essential tissues and organs in the exercising human.Ī major focus of the review is on examining the relationship between regional circulation and metabolism to evaluate whether reduced oxygen and nutrient supply to and aerobic metabolism by the human brain, heart and/or active skeletal muscle could explain the accelerated fatigue and impaired (whole-body) exercise capacity often seen in the significantly dehydrated and hyperthermic human. This is equal to the product of blood flow and the arterial-venous oxygen content differences. The Fick principle, in turn, determines the rate of oxygen consumption by the human body, an organ, limb or tissue. When applied to the human cardiovascular system, Ohm’s law states that (driving or perfusion) pressure equals flow times resistance, with pressure being the force that drives flow and resistance the force that opposes flow. Ohm’s law is a fundamental law of physics that explains the physical factors that govern blood flow. The impact of dehydration and hyperthermia on physiological function will be interpreted primarily according to Ohm’s law and the Fick principle, which have blood flow as a common denominator. This review considers how human physiological function is affected by exposure to heat and dehydration at rest, and during exercise of different modalities and intensities, with an emphasis on the blood perfusion and metabolism of regional tissues of the human body.
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The mildly dehydrated, highly fit endurance athlete who is training and competing in a cold environment will be at the opposing end of the spectrum.
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In this light, the severely dehydrated, heat unacclimated and unfit endurance athlete, who is training or competing in a hot and humid environment, will likely experience the most deleterious physiological and performance effects. The endurance athlete’s training and heat acclimation status would also have an influence. Dehydration poses additional stress on the human body regulatory systems, and its interaction with the overall functional demand will dictate the extent of the physiological and perceptual strain and thus whether physical performance is compromised. The interaction among the type, duration and intensity of exercise and the environmental conditions determines the body’s overall functional demand. This review describes how dehydration differentially impacts physiological function during exercise requiring low compared to high functional demand, with an emphasis on the responses of the human brain, heart and skeletal muscles.ĭehydration and hyperthermia, which are frequently experienced by humans exercising in hot environments, are major physiological stressors that can severely hinder general physiological function and cognitive and athletic performance during endurance events (i.e., long distance running, cycling or swimming, triathlon and team sports). Yet their consequences on aerobic metabolism are greater in the exercising muscles because of the much smaller functional oxygen extraction reserve. Progressive dehydration is also associated with an accelerated drop in perfusion and oxygen supply to the human brain during submaximal and maximal endurance exercise. The impact of dehydration upon physiological function therefore depends on the functional demand evoked by exercise and environmental stress, as cardiac output, limb blood perfusion and muscle metabolism are stable or increase during small muscle mass exercise or resting conditions, but are impaired during whole-body moderate to intense exercise. The physiological strain accompanying progressive exercise-induced dehydration to a level of ~ 4% of body mass loss can be attenuated or even prevented by: (1) ingesting fluids during exercise, (2) exercising in cold environments, and/or (3) working at intensities that require a small fraction of the overall body functional capacity.
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If these fluid losses are not replaced, endurance capacity may be impaired in association with a myriad of alterations in physiological function, including hyperthermia, hyperventilation, cardiovascular strain with reductions in brain, skeletal muscle and skin blood perfusion, greater reliance on muscle glycogen and cellular metabolism, alterations in neural activity and, in some conditions, compromised muscle metabolism and aerobic capacity. People undertaking prolonged vigorous exercise experience substantial bodily fluid losses due to thermoregulatory sweating.